Europe
![Clip from Wolff's article on hay's nutritional values](/sites/default/files/2022-05/Wolff%20in%20Mentzel%26Lengerke%201864%20p50.jpg)
Wolff’s justification for omitting hay values
In 1864, for the first time, Emil Wolff did not include hay values alongside nutritional components in the data tables published annually in the calendar. In this accompanying article, Wolff reframed his previous translation into hay values as merely educational.
![document icon](/sites/default/files/2022-05/Icons-Document-thumbnail_713_0.jpeg)
Mikhail Gorbachev’s Resignation Speech
This is a transcript of Gorbachev’s resignation speech. This speech signified the complete end of the Soviet Union. According to the speech, what reasons does Gorbachev give for his resignation? What is the overall tone of this document? Why do you think Gorbachev uses this tone?
![Inset of Ukraine from larger map of 1918 Europe](/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2022-05/Europe_1918THUMB.jpeg?itok=EqjZe1X2)
Long Teaching Module: Border Changes of the Soviet Union
Border changes have been a central part of 20th century European history. This lesson will examine a few key maps and documents that explore the creation, expansion, and dissolution of the Soviet Union.
![document icon](/sites/default/files/2022-05/Icons-Document-thumbnail.jpg)
The Alma-Ata Declaration
This document is a translation of the Belovezh Accords, the agreement which essentially declared that the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Those who signed it agreed to form a Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Which states were signatories of the Belovezh Accords?
![Image of text in Ukrainian of Declaration. Transcription and translation provided with source.](/sites/default/files/2022-05/UrkraineIndependenceTHUMB.jpeg)
Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine
This source is one example of a former Soviet republic declaring its independence from the Soviet Union. Who created this document? What reasons does the document creator give for wanting to secede from the Soviet Union?
![Map of Europe with countries shaded based on year they joined NATO.](/sites/default/files/2022-05/History_of_NATO_enlargementTHUMB.png)
History of NATO Expansion Map
This map shows the expansion of NATO over time. Have students identify the most recently states to join NATO. Which states have joined NATO after the collapse of communism? Which of these newer NATO states had been Soviet satellite states as opposed to full republics of the Soviet Union?
![Map of Europe with countries shaded based on membership in NATO, the Warsaw Pact or nonaligned.](/sites/default/files/2022-05/Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_enTHUMB.png)
Cold War Europe Military Alliances Map
This map illustrates which states in Europe belonged to NATO or the Warsaw Pact military alliance. The white states were neutral. This map illustrates the infamous Iron Curtain and the split between West and East. Which of these states belonged to the Warsaw Pact?
![Inset of Ukraine from larger map of 1918 Europe](/sites/default/files/2022-05/Europe_1918THUMB.jpeg)
Map of Europe, 1918
This map illustrates European borders prior to the start of WWI in 1914 with black lines and new states formed by the First World War in red. As the map illustrates, a number of states became independent from Tsarist Russia. What new states were these?
![Map of North Island of Aotearoa New Zealand outlines the lands that surround the Kimihia and Hakanoa Lakes.](/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2022-05/EndowmentTHUMB.png?itok=-TEwvtDa)
Primer: A Global History of Higher Education
Histories of higher education tend to focus on a single institution – the university biography – or address the subject within the context of the nation-state.
![Article text. Transcription in folder.](/sites/default/files/2022-05/South%20African%20College%201886%20THUMB.png)
“The South African College and Its ‘Old Boys,’” 1886
The 1886 article, “The South African College and Its ‘Old Boys’,” provides an example of how universities extended their influence within an empire (or globally) through alumni and their expertise.