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Modern (1800 CE - 1950 CE)

Photograph of Thai Palm Leaf Fish Mobile for the Cradle image thumbnail
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Thai Palm Leaf Fish Mobile for the Cradle

The fish mobile above is a type traditionally hung over the cradle in Thailand. It is made from the folded, woven leaves of the palm, especially in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province. The fish depicted is the Thai barb, or carp, which is a symbol of prosperity.

Chart of School Population in Buenos Aires, Argentina image thumbnail
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School Population in Buenos Aires, Argentina

This chart demonstrates the fluctuating attendance rates of school aged children in a select number of schools in Buenos Aires between 1815 and 1831. This is not a complete list of the port city’s schools; it represents schools that maintained the most complete attendance records.

Ona Family Group of Tierra del Fuego image thumbnail
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Ona Family Group of Tierra del Fuego

Father Alberto Maria De Agostini, a missionary, took this postcard image on Isla Grande, Tierra del Fuego, on the southernmost tip of South America. The photograph, taken circa 1930, shows a man, woman, and two children walking through a clearing surrounded by thickets.

Seri Children Sliding on Turtle Shells image thumbnail
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Seri Children Sliding on Turtle Shells

Six children of the Seri indigenous people slide down a hill using the shells of sea turtles as sleds, illustrating the universal ability of children to create play activities including equipment out of things in their environment.

Table of Meiji Era School Attendance image thumbnail
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Meiji Era School Attendence

Below are two tables that reveal both the accomplishments and the limitations of Meiji educational reforms. Table 1 shows an impressive increase in the number of schools and the enrollment rates for both girls and boys, one that culminates in 1905 with near-universal enrollment rates.

Image of a boy holding a toy
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Tet Trung Thu Festival in Vietnam

The photographs show children during the mid-Autumn Harvest Festival, or Tet Trung Thu in Vietnam, a children's festival associated with the full moon.

Thumbnail of print cartoon
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Patience Monsignor Your Turn Will Come

Cartoons attacked the refractory clergy. Here, fat, overfed, and underworked clergy are squeezed down to an appropriate size. As elsewhere, visual images mocked the clergy by depicting them as subject to the threats and physical attacks of others.

Thumbnail of death of Robespierre
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Robespierre 10 Thermidor—Exposition of 1877

This painting from 1877 shows in romantic style Robespierre dying in a large room, surrounded by soldiers and others.

Image thumbnail of Boys' Initiation Mask (keweke)
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Boys' Initiation Mask (keweke)

This mask worn by boys during initiation rituals in Papua New Guinea is made of painted bark cloth and canvas stretched over a cane frame. The long fiber fringe adds movement to the mask, which is worn during dances and other secret rituals that that comprise boyhood initiation rites.

Photograph of Gope, Ancestor or Spirit Boards thumbnail image
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Gope, Ancestor or Spirit Boards

The object in the photograph is a gope, or spirit board (also called kwoi or hohao). This example is from Papua New Guinea near the Wapo Creek on the Gulf of Papua.