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Modern (1800 CE - 1950 CE)

Image of Victor Hugo
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Hugo, Ninety–Three

Victor Hugo (1802–85) was an ardent republican and defender of the revolutionary legacy who went into exile during the Second Empire (1852–70). He lived long enough to become an icon of the Third Republic.

Debris of the French Army Returning to the Fatherland
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Debris of the French Army Returning to the Fatherland

Here, as in other critical images, reversal plays an important role. Proud soldiers have given way to a bedraggled collection of men, far removed from their former glory.

Statistics on Polish Catholicism in the Communist Era
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Statistics on Polish Catholicism in the Communist Era

The information presented in this table highlights some of the ambiguities regarding the position of the Roman Catholic Church in the Polish People's Republic. The basic message in these data is that Catholicism thrived between WWII and the 1990s.

Treaty of Versailles
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Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I was intended to usher in a world of peace based on the principle of national self-determination. World War II broke out 20 years later.

1940 census
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Puerto Rican Labor Movement and the 1940 Census

This particular census table describes the types of jobs done by men and women. It illustrates how roles are assigned on a gendered basis. After the Great Depression of 1929, the world economy was in crisis.

Photograph of wooden crosses
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Wooden Crosses

Photograph of wooden cross taken in forest at Obelusat Cemetery near Lake Stanovoi, Solovki.

Little Women
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Little Women, "Amy's Valley of Humiliation"

Little Women is one of the most beloved works of American literature.

Little Women
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Little Women, “The Valley of the Shadow”

Little Women is one of the most beloved works of American literature.

The Phoenix Indian School
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The Phoenix Indian School, 1896

"Phoenix Indian School; Largest in the Southwest and Second Largest in the Country: Need of Military Garrisons in Arizona Grow Less as this School increases Its Influence Among the Nation's Wards -- Over One Hundred and Fifty Boys and Girls," read the headline of the New York Times article writte

Age of Consent Laws table
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Age of Consent Laws

Information on the ages used historically in western age of consent laws is not readily available. This table has been compiled from a combination of historical and contemporary sources.