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Excerpt of Moll Flanders
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The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders

Daniel Defoe's novel The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders, published in 1722, is a useful historical text for examining the everyday lives of female children as well as the possibilities of girlhood in 18th-century British society.

Title page of The Voyages and Adventures of Ferdinand Mendez Pinto
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The Voyages and Adventures of Ferdinand Mendez Pinto

One of the most important results of the early modern period was the spread of European culture generally, and Christian religion particularly, throughout the globe.

Title page of witch hunter manual, Malleus Maleficarum
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Malleus Maleficarum, Witch Hunter Manual

Perhaps the most spectacular manifestation of early modern European discrimination against women was the conviction of thousands of women for witchcraft. Over three centuries, more than 40,000 people were executed as witches, 75 percent of them female.

Title page of Noticias de Portugal
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Noticias de Portugal

Suggestion for handling orphans, devised in 1655 by Manoel Severim de Faria, an official for the bishop of Evora in Portugal. Here Severim de Faria speaks about the role orphaned children could and should play in the Portuguese empire.

Brothers Grimm cover
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"How Some Children Played at Slaughtering"

The pioneering collection of fairy tales published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the first half of the 19th century reflects both the romantic interest in the national past—that is, in the cultural origins and "childhood" of the German people—and the burgeoning efforts to create a literature tail

Book of Children by Thomas Phaer
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Boke of Chyldren by Thomas Phaer

Phaer was a lawyer and a physician who wrote the first work in English devoted solely to the health of children. It was first published in 1544 and went through many editions. The audience for the book according to Phaer was everyone who cared about children.

Title page of Observationes Medicae
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"On Scarlet Fever"

There are many fevers listed as the cause of death in early modern England that do not translate well into modern diseases (worm, spotted, pining, nervous) but scarlet fever is still with us. The Puritan Dr.

Title page of Letters of the Right Honourable Lady
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Lady Mary Wortley Montagu on Small Pox in Turkey

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) was the wife of the British Ambassador to Turkey. In 1715 she had survived but been terribly scarred by smallpox while her brother had died from the disease.

Title page of the Decameron
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Decameron

Giovanni Boccaccio provided the most famous description of what happened during the Black Death in Italy.

Title pages of Indian Tales of the Great Ones image thumbnail
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Indian Tales of the Great Ones

Born in 1870 into a Parsee family in India, Cornelia Sorabji (1870–1954) became a writer and a lawyer. By the end of the Victorian period, many elite Indian men had traveled to Britain to study.