Early Modern (1450 CE - 1800 CE)
SAINT DOMINGUE: THE FREEDMEN
As many as two–thirds of the enslaved people in Saint Domingue (now Haiti) in 1789 had been born in Africa, but by that time a significant number of Africans or children of Africans had become free. Here Moreau de Saint–Méry details the origins of this pivotal group.
Saint Domingue: Some Geography
Here Moreau de Saint–Méry describes the topography and peoples of the French part of the island of Haiti, providing some important basic knowledge which he expands upon in subsequent passages
THE CODE NOIR (THE BLACK CODE)
The Code noir initially took shape in Louis XIV’s edict of 1685. Although subsequent decrees modified a few of the code’s provisions, this first document established the main lines for the policing of slavery right up to 1789.
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
During the period of revolutionary government, the Jacobins had introduced the idea of universal, free, secular education provided by the state.
CULTURE: WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Among its many lasting contributions to French and western history, the French Revolution initiated the metric system as a more rational and universally applicable way of conveying weights and measures than the various systems in place across France prior to 1789.
THE COUNCIL OF FIVE–HUNDRED CONCURS
The Council of Five–Hundred, the lower house of the legislature under the Directory’s constitution, put up only token resistance to the coup of 18 Brumaire [9 November 1799].
BRUMAIRE: BONAPARTE’S JUSTIFICATION
Having seized power through the coup of 18 Brumaire [9 November 1799], Bonaparte—now First Consul—set out to win public support for yet another new government.
CIRCULAR ON ELECTIONS
A former playwright and old regime colonial official, Nicolas–Louis François de Neufchâteau, twice Minister of the Interior under the Directory, here outlines the importance of elections for the Directory.
REVIVAL OF THE MOUNTAIN
The Directory’s constitution had ensured the rights of assembly, free speech, and a limited suffrage; for former Jacobins now deprived of their clubs and of their power in the legislature, these constitutional liberties offered the potential to rebuild a democratic movement.
RISE OF THE RIGHT LEADING TO THE COUP OF 18 FRUCTIDOR: PROCLAMATION OF 9 SEPTEMBER 1797
The Directorial legislatures were formed in 1795 primarily of holdovers from the Convention, so the elections in the fall of 1797 were the first open legislative elections since 1792.