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Government

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Warsaw Embassy Cable, How to Elect Jaruzelski Without Voting for Him, and Will He Run?

This report analyzes the peculiar dilemma that Solidarity leaders faced in the aftermath of their landslide election victory in June. Their success had been based on opposition to the communist regime, but the framework that had allowed that success was based on a compromise with that regime.

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Third Conversation between M.S. Gorbachev and FRG Chancellor H. Kohl

On June 12, 1989, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev began a four-day visit to West Germany, just two weeks after a similar visit to West Germany by United States President George H. W. Bush.

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Second Conversation between M.S. Gorbachev and FRG Chancellor H. Kohl

On June 12, 1989, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev began a four-day visit to West Germany, just two weeks after a similar visit to West Germany by United States President George H. W. Bush.

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First Conversation between M.S. Gorbachev and Chancellor of FRG H. Kohl

On June 12, 1989, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev began a four-day visit to West Germany, just two weeks after a similar visit to West Germany by United States President George H. W. Bush.

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Teaching

Long Teaching Module: Children in Late Imperial China, 900-1930

An exploration of primary sources on childhood in late imperial China (framed broadly as the Song through Qing dynasties, ca. 960-1911 CE) offers a window into lived experience and the diverse ways in which childhood itself could be imagined and articulated.

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Record of the First Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and FRG President Richard von Weizsäcker

On June 12, 1989, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev began a four-day visit to West Germany, just two weeks after a similar visit to West Germany by United States President George H. W. Bush.

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Minutes of Meeting of the PZRR CC Secretariat after Elections

In early June 1989, Poland held its first semi-free elections since the inception of Communism following the Second World War. In the first round of these elections, Poles exhibited strong anti-Communist and pro-Solidarity sentiments, surprising both sides.

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Warsaw Embassy Cable, Election '89: Solidarity's Coming Election

In the following report, the American Ambassador to Poland (John R. Davis, Jr.) outlines possible outcomes of June 4 elections and what consequences might follow from each.

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Czecholslovak Description of "Vltava-89" Exercise

Czechoslovak Defense Minister Milan Vaclavik wrote this report on the "Vltava-89" military training exercise conducted by Warsaw Pact forces in May 1989.

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National Security Directive in Response to Polish Roundtable Agreement

Officials in the United States watched closely the historic roundtable talks that took place between Communist Party leaders and the opposition in Poland from February to April 1989.